SEMA 4 D ( sema domain , immunoglobulin domain ( Ig ) , transmembrane domain ( TM ) and short cytoplasmic domain , ( semaphorin ) 4 D )

Note Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) was originally identified by Hall., et al. (1996) as a cell surface protein important in B and T lymphocyte activation. Its expression is upregulated in lymphocytes in an immune response (Kumanogoh et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2001). Sema 4D is also expressed in other tissues where it is involved in many motility responses (for review: Artigiani et al., 1999), including regulation of axonal growth cone guidance (Swiercz et al., 2002), regulation of cell-cell contacts and branching morphogenesis in epithelium (Giordano et al., 2002), promotion of angiogenesis (Basile et al., 2004; Conrotto et al., 2005; Basile et al., 2006), and growth and metastasis of tumors (for review: Neufeld et al., 2005).